If you ask someone a question and they only partially answer just wait. If you stay silent and keep eye contact they will continue talking.
Writing negative thoughts and tossing them in trash improves your mood.
When you remember a past event, you're actually remembering the last time you remembered it.This is why our memories fade and distort over time.
Anger
Someone who becomes angry easily, over silly things, subconsciously desires to be loved.
Anger triggers the region of the brain associated with honesty, that’s when the truth comes out.
People change their feelings of pain into anger because it feels better to be angry than it does to be in pain. This changing of pain into anger may be done consciously or unconsciously.
Body language
When someone put their hands in front of their face with the index finger near the nose, their not buying what you say or at least they disagree with you.
While you are talking with someone, use his/her name frequently. It makes people feel like they have a personal connection with you.
The way you dress tells a lot about your mood. People tend to dress up more properly when in a cheerful mood.
Moving your legs or hands constantly while talking means you're pretty confused and uncomfortable.
Holding Objects in front of your body indicates shyness and resistance, separating yourself from others
Psychology says, If you are meeting someone for the first time, you only have about 7 seconds to make a powerful first impression.
People who blush easily, are more generous and trustworthy than those who don't.
The way a person treats restaurant staff reveals a lot about their character.
Overthinking puts you to a higher risk for a mental breakdown.
Longitudinal research is a type of correlational research that
involves looking at variables over an extended period of time. This type of
study can take place over a period of weeks, months, or even years. In some
cases, longitudinal studies can last several decades.
How Longitudinal
Research Works
So why would
researchers want to conduct studies that take a very long time to complete? One
reason is that a longitudinal study can be used to discover relationships
between variables that are not
related to various background variables. This observational research technique
involves studying the same group of individuals over an extended period.Data is
first collected at the outset of the study, and may then be repeatedly gathered
throughout the length of the study. Doing this also allows researchers to
observe how variable may change over time (“What
is longitudinal study? - Definition from WhatIs.com,” n.d.).
Example.Imagine that a group
of researchers is interested in studying how exercise during middle age might
impact cognitive health as people age. The researchers hypothesize that people
who are more physically fit in their 40s and 50s will be less likely to
experience cognitive declines in their 70s and 80s.The researchers obtain a
group of participants who are in their mid-40s to early 50s. They collect data
related to how physically fit the participants are, how often they work out,
and how well they do on cognitive performance tests. Periodically over the
course of the study, the researchers collect the same date from the
participants to track activity levels and mental performance.
There are three major
types of longitudinal studies:
Panel Study: Involves sampling a
cross-section of individuals.
Cohort Study: Involves selecting a
group based on a specific event such as birth, geographic location or
historical experience.
Retrospective Study: Involves looking to the
past by looking at historical information such as medical records.
The Benefits
So what are some of the reasons why a
scientist choose to conduct longitudinal research over other methods? For many
types of research, longitudinal studies provide unique insight that might not
be possible any other way.
The benefit of this
type of research is that it allows researchers to look at changes over time.
Because of this, longitudinal methods are particularly useful when studying
development and lifespan issues. Researchers can look at how certain
things may change at different points in life and explore some of the reasons
why these developmental shifts take place.
An example of how this
research can be used include longitudinal studies that look at how identical
twins reared together versus those reared apart differ on a variety of
variables. Researchers track these participants from childhood into adulthood
to look at how growing up in a different environment influences things such
as personality and achievement.
Since the participants
share these same genetics, it is assumed that
any differences are due to environmental factors. Researchers can then
look at what the participants have in common versus where they differ to see
which characteristics are more strongly influenced by either genetics or
experience.Because longitudinal studies take place over a period of years (or
even decades), they can be very useful when looking at changes in development
over time. Researchers can utilize this kind of research to establish a
sequence of events when looking at the aging process.
The Drawbacks
As with other types of psychology research, longitudinal studies
have both their strengths and weaknesses. There are some important advantages
to conducting longitudinal research, but there are also a number of drawbacks
that need to be considered.
Longitudinal Studies
Can Be Expensive .Longitudinal studies require enormous amounts of time and are often
quite expensive. Because of this, these studies often have only a small group
of subjects, which makes it difficult to apply the results to a larger
population. Another problem is that participants sometimes drop out of the
study, shrinking the sample size and decreasing the amount of data collected.
Participants Tend to
Drop Out Over Time.This tendency for some participants to be more likely to drop
out of a study is known as selective attrition. In our example
above, participants might drop out for a number of reasons. Some might move
away from the area while others simply lose the motivationto participate. Others
might become housebound due to illness or age-related difficulties, and some
participants will pass away before the study is concluded.
In some cases, this
can lead to an attrition bias and influence the results of the longitudinal
study. If the final group no longer reflects the original representative sample, this attrition can
also threaten the validity of the
experiment. Validity refers to whether or not a test or experiment accurately
measures what it claims to measure. If the final group of participants is not a
representative sample, it is difficult to generalize the results to the rest of
the population.
The World’s
Longest-Running Longitudinal Study.The world's longest-running longitudinal study
is the Genetic Studies of Genius, which is today referred to as the Terman
Study of the Gifted. The study was originally started in 1921 by psychologist
Lewis Terman to investigate how highly intelligent
children developed into adulthood.
The study is still
going on today, although the original sample has understandably grown much
smaller. The study originally had over 1,000 participants, but that number had
dwindled to just 200 by 2003. Some of the participants included scientist Ancel
Keys and educational psychologist Lee Chronback. Researchers plan to continue
the study until the last participant either drops out or dies.
Conclusion
A longitudinal study
can provide a wealth of information on a topic. Such studies can be expensive, costly,
and difficult to carry out, but the information obtained from such research can
be very valuable.
Reference
·What is longitudinal study? - Definition from
WhatIs.com. (n.d.). Retrieved August 27, 2019, from
https://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/longitudinal-study
Quantitative
Research is defined as the systematic investigation of phenomena by gathering
quantifiable data and performing statistical, mathematical or computational
techniques. Quantitative research gathers information from existing and
potential customers using sampling methods and sending out online surveys,
online polls, questionnaires, etc., the results of which can be depicted in the
form of numerical. After careful understanding of these numbers to predict the
future of a product or service and make changes accordingly. There are multiple
types of primary quantitative research (“Research,” n.d.).They can be distinguished into the four
following distinctive methods, which are:
Figure
1.Techniques and Types
Survey
Research
Survey researchis the most fundamental tool for
all quantitative research methodologies and studies. Surveys used to ask
questions to a sample of respondents, using various types such as online polls, online surveys, paper questionnaires, web-intercept surveys, etc.
Every small and big organization intends to understand what their customers
think about their products and services, how well are new features faring in
the market and other such details. By conducting survey research, an
organization can ask multiple survey questions, collect data from a pool of
customers and analyze this collected data to produce numerical results. It is
the first step towards collecting data for any research.
Figure
2.Survey Research
Co
relational Research
Correlation Researchis
conducted to establish a relationship between two closely-knit entities and how
one impacts the other and what are the changes that are eventually observed.
This research method is carried out to give value to naturally occurring
relationships and a minimum of two different groups are required to
successfully conduct this quantitative research method. Without assuming
different aspects, a relationship between two groups or entities must be
established.
Figure
3.Correlation Research
Experimental
Research
Also
known as true experimentation, this research method is reliant on a theory.
Experimental research, as the name suggests, is usually based on one or more
theories. This theory has not been proved in the past and is merely a
supposition. In experimental research, an analysis is done around proving or
disproving the statement. This research method
is used in natural sciences (“Quantitative
Research: Definition, Methods, Types and Examples | QuestionPro,” n.d.).
Figure
4.Experimental Research
Table 1
Data Analysis Techniques
Primary
Secondary
SWOT Analysis
Conjoint
Analysis
Cross -
Tabulation
TURF Analysis
Data from
Internet
Public
Libraries
Educational
institutions
Commercial
Information sources
Govt and non
Govt Sources
Quantitative Research Characteristics
Structured tools.
Structured tools such as surveys, polls or questionnaires are used to gather
quantitative data. Using such structure methods helps in collecting in-depth
and actionable data from the survey respondents. (Labaree, n.d.)
Sample size. Quantitative
research is conducted on a significant sample size that represents the target
market. Appropriate sampling methods have to be used when deriving the sample
to fortify the research objective
Close-ended questions. Closed-ended questions
are created in accordance with the objective of the research. These questions help
collect quantitative data and hence are extensively used in quantitative
research.
Prior studies.
Various factors related to the research topic are studied before collecting
feedback from respondents.
Quantitative data.
Usually, quantitative data is represented by tables, charts, graphs or any
other non-numerical form. This makes it easy to understand the data that has
been collected as well as prove the validity of the market research.
Generalization of results.
Results of this research method can be generalized to an entire population to
take appropriate actions for improvement.
Advantages of
Quantitative Research
There are many
advantages of quantitative research. Some of the major advantages of why
researchers use this method in market research are:
Collect reliable and accurate data.
As data is collected, analyzed and presented in numbers, the results obtained
will be extremely reliable. Numbers do not lie. They present an honest picture
of the conducted research without discrepancies and is also extremely accurate.
In situations where a researcher predicts conflict, quantitative research is
conducted.
Quick data collection.
Quantitative research is carried out with a group of respondents who
represent a population. A survey or any other quantitative research method
applied to these respondents and the involvement of statistics, conducting and
analyzing results is quite straightforward and less time-consuming.
Wider scope of data analysis.
Due to the statistics, this research method provides a wide scope of data
collection.
Eliminate bias.
This research method offers no scope for personal comments or biasing of
results. The results achieved are numerical and are thus, fair in most cases.
Labaree, R. V. (n.d.). Research Guides: Organizing Your Social Sciences Research Paper: Quantitative Methods [Research Guide]. Retrieved August 20, 2019, from //libguides.usc.edu/writingguide/quantitative
Quantitative Research: Definition, Methods, Types, and Examples | QuestionPro. (n.d.). Retrieved August 20, 2019, from https://www.questionpro.com/blog/quantitative-research/
Research. (n.d.). Retrieved August 20, 2019, from American University website: https://www.american.edu/research/
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Sigmund Freud's controversial ideas have penetrated Western culture more deeply than those of any other psychologist. The 'Freudian slip', the 'Oedipus complex', "childhood sexuality', 'libido' , 'narcissism' , 'castration complex' , 'id' , 'ego', 'super ego', 'The Pleasure Principle' ,'Reality Principle' ,"Defense Mechanisms'- all are taken for granted in our everyday vocabulary. Psychoanalysis was never just a method of treatment, rather a vision of the human condition which has continued to fascinate and provoke long after the death of its originator.
We live in conflict with ourselves and seek to resolve matters by turning away from reality, did not emerge from experimental science but from self examination and the unique opportunities for observation presented by the Psychoanalytic Technique.
I would like to start a page regarding Freud's Psychoanalytical Techniques..
and i would like to familiarize these techniques for each of my viewers and everyone can apply it in personal life.
This Blog is dedicating to all those who have a thirst for knowledge.
This Blog contains subject matters such as Psychology, Philosophy, Educational Research and all subjects of M.Ed curriculum , my personal favorite Fields such as Psychoanalysis , Education and my personal pages of photography and media.
My heartfull thanks for our Respected Sajan Sir, who gave us motivation for creating this Blog My dear friends , Keep in touch post your valuable comments and feedback!
